$Unique_ID{USH00549} $Pretitle{63} $Title{Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms combination circuit - conducting staff} $Subtitle{} $Author{Joint Chiefs of Staff} $Affiliation{Department of Defense} $Subject{dod iadb nato command communications military commander security forces control} $Volume{JCS Pub 1} $Date{1987} $Log{} Book: Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms Author: Joint Chiefs of Staff Affiliation: Department of Defense Volume: JCS Pub 1 Date: 1987 combination circuit - conducting staff combination circuit: (DOD, NATO) In mine warfare, a firing circuit which requires actuation by two or more influences, either simultaneously or at a pre-ordained interval, before the circuit can function. Also called combined circuit. combination firing circuit: (DOD, NATO) An assembly comprising two independent firing systems, one non-electric and one electric, so that the firing of either system will detonate all charges. See also dual-firing circuit. combination influence mine: (DOD, NATO) A mine designed to actuate only when two or more different influences are received either simultaneously or in a predetermined order. Also called combined influence mine. combination mission/level of effort-oriented items: (DOD) Items for which requirement computations are based on the criteria used for both level of effort-oriented and mission-oriented items. combined: (DOD, NATO, IADB) Between two or more forces or agencies of two or more allies. (When all allies or services are not involved, the participating nations and services shall be identified; e.g., Combined Navies.) See also joint. combined airspeed indicator: (DOD, NATO) An instrument which displays both indicated airspeed and mach number. combined circuit: See combination circuit. combined common user item: (IADB) An item of an interchangeable nature which is in common use by two or more nations. combined doctrine: (DOD) Fundamental principles that guide the employment of forces of two or more nations in coordinated action toward a common objective. It is ratified by participating nations. See also joint doctrine, multi-service doctrine. combined force: (DOD, NATO, IADB) A military force composed of elements of two or more allied nations. See also force(s). combined influence mine: See combination influence mine. combined operation: (DOD, NATO, IADB) An operation conducted by forces of two or more allied nations acting together for the accomplishment of a single mission. combined rescue coordination center: See rescue coordination center. combined staff: (DOD, IADB) A staff composed of personnel of two or more allied nations. See also integrated staff; joint staff; parallel staff. combustor: (DOD, NATO, IADB) A name generally assigned to the combination of flame holder or stabilizer, igniter, combustion chamber, and injection system of a ramjet or gas turbine. command: (DOD, IADB) 1. The authority that a commander in the military Service lawfully exercises over subordinates by virtue of rank or assignment. Command includes the authority and responsibility for effectively using available resources and for planning the employment of, organizing, directing, coordinating, and controlling military forces for the accomplishment of assigned missions. It also includes responsibility for health, welfare, morale, and discipline of assigned personnel. 2. An order given by a commander; that is, the will of the commander expressed for the purpose of bringing about a particular action. 3. A unit or units, an organization, or an area under the command of one individual. 4. To dominate by a field of weapon fire or by observation from a superior position. See also air command; area command; base command. command: (NATO) 1. The authority vested in an individual of the armed forces for the direction, coordination, and control of military forces. 2. An order given by a commander; that is, the will of the commander expressed for the purpose of bringing about a particular action. 3. A unit or units, an organization, or an area under the command of one individual. 4. To dominate by a field of weapon fire or by observation from a superior position. See also area command; base command; full command; national command; operational command. command altitude: (DOD) Altitude that must be assumed and/or maintained by the interceptor. command and control: (DOD, IADB) The exercise of authority and direction by a properly designated commander over assigned forces in the accomplishment of the mission. Command and control functions are performed through an arrangement of personnel, equipment, communications, facilities, and procedures employed by a commander in planning, directing, coordinating, and controlling forces and operations in the accomplishment of the mission. command and control system: (DOD, IADB) The facilities, equipment, communications, procedures, and personnel essential to a commander for planning, directing, and controlling operations of assigned forces pursuant to the missions assigned. command axis: (DOD, NATO, IADB) A line along which a headquarters will move. command center: (DOD, IADB) A facility from which a commander and his representatives direct operations and control forces. It is organized to gather, process, analyze, display, and disseminate planning and operational data and perform other related tasks. command channel: See chain of command. command, control, and communications countermeasures: (DOD) The integrated use of operations security, military deception, jamming, and physical destruction, supported by intelligence, to deny information to, influence, degrade, or destroy adversary command, control, and communications (C3) capabilities and to protect friendly C3 against such actions. Also called C3CM. There are two divisions within C3CM: a. counter-C3. That division of C3CM comprising measures taken to deny adversary commanders and other decisionmakers the ability to command and control their forces effectively. b. C3-protection. That division of C3CM comprising measures taken to maintain the effectiveness of friendly C3 despite both adversary and friendly counter-C3 actions. command, control and information system: (NATO) An integrated system of doctrine, procedures, organizational structure, personnel, equipment, facilities and communications which provides authorities at all levels with timely and adequate data to plan, direct and control their activities. command controlled stocks: (DOD, NATO) Stocks which are placed at the disposal of a designated NATO commander in order to pro vide him with a flexibility with which to influence the battle logistically. "Placed at the disposal of" implies responsibility for storage, maintenance, accounting, rotation or turnover, physical security and subsequent transportation to a particular battle area. command destruct signal: (DOD, NATO) A signal used to operate intentionally the destruction signal in a missile. command detonated mine: (DOD, NATO) A mine detonated by remotely controlled means. command ejection system: See ejection systems. commander(s): See executing commander (nuclear weapons); exercise commander; Major NATO Commanders; national commander; national force commanders; national territorial commander; releasing commander (nuclear weapons). commander's concept: See concept of operations. commander's estimate of the situation: (DOD, IADB) A logical process of reasoning by which a commander considers all the circumstances affecting the military situation and arrives at a decision as to a course of action to be taken to accomplish the mission. A commander's estimate which considers a military situation so far in the future as to require major assumptions, is called a commander's long-range estimate of the situation. See also estimate of the situation. command guidance: (DOD, NATO, IADB) A guidance system wherein intelligence transmitted to the missile from an outside source causes the missile to traverse a directed flight path. command heading: (DOD) Heading that the controlled aircraft is directed to assume by the control station. command net: (DOD, NATO, IADB) A communications network which connects an echelon of command with some or all of its subordinate echelons for the purpose of command control. command post: (DOD, NATO, IADB) A unit's or subunit's headquarters where the commander and the staff perform their activities. In combat, a unit's or subunit's headquarters is often divided into echelons; the echelon in which the unit or subunit commander is located or from which he operates is called a command post. command post exercise: (DOD, NATO, IADB) An exercise in which the forces are simulated, involving the commander, his staff, and communications within and between headquarters. See also exercise; maneuver. command select ejection system: See ejection systems. command speed: (DOD) The speed at which the controlled aircraft is directed to fly. command-sponsored dependent: (DOD) A dependent entitled to travel to oversea commands at Government expense and endorsed by the appropriate military commander to be present in a dependent's status. commercial items: (DOD, IADB) Articles of supply readily available from established commercial distribution sources, which the Department of Defense or inventory managers in the Military Services have designated to be obtained directly or indirectly from such sources. commercial loading: See administrative loading. commercial vehicle: (DOD) A vehicle which has evolved in the commercial market to meet civilian requirements and which is selected from existing production lines for military use. commission: (DOD, IADB) 1. To put in or make ready for service or use, as to commission an aircraft or a ship. 2. A written order giving a person rank and authority as an officer in the armed forces. 3. The rank and the authority given by such an order. See also activate; constitute. commit: (DOD) The process of committing one or more air interceptors or surface-to-air missiles for interception against a target track. commodity loading: (DOD, NATO, IADB) A method of loading in which various types of cargoes are loaded together, such as ammunition, rations, or boxed vehicles, in order that each commodity can be discharged without disturbing the others. See also loading. commodity manager: (DOD, IADB) An individual within the organization of an inventory control point or other such organization, assigned management responsibility for homogeneous grouping of materiel items. commonality: (DOD) A quality which applies to materiel or systems: a. possessing like and interchangeable characteristics enabling each to be utilized, or operated and maintained, by personnel trained on the others without additional specialized training. b. having interchangeable repair parts and/or components. c. applying to consumable items interchangeably equivalent without adjustment. commonality: (NATO) A state achieved when groups of individuals, organizations, or nations use common doctrine, procedures, or equipment. See also compatibility; interchangeability; interoperability. common business-oriented language: (DOD, IADB) A specific language by which business data-processing procedures may be precisely described in a standard form. The language is intended not only as a means for directly presenting any business program to any suitable computer for which a compiler exists, but also as a means of communicating such procedures among individuals. Commonly referred to as COBOL. common control (artillery): (DOD, IADB) Horizontal and vertical map or chart location of points in the target area and position area, tied in with the horizontal and vertical control in use by two or more units. May be established by firing, survey, or combination of both, or by assumption. See also control point; field control; ground control. common infrastructure: (DOD, NATO) Infrastructure essential to the training of NATO forces or to the implementation of NATO operational plans which, owing to its degree of common use or interest and its compliance with criteria laid down from time to time by the North Atlantic Council, is commonly financed by NATO members. See also infrastructure. common item: (DOD, IADB) 1. Any item of materiel which is required for use by more than one activity. 2. Sometimes loosely used to denote any consumable item except repair parts or other technical items. 3. Any item of materiel which is procured for, owned by (Service stock), or used by any Military Department of the Department of Defense and that is also required to be furnished to a recipient country under the grant-aid Military Assistance Program. 4. Readily available commercial items. 5. Items used by two or more Military Services of similar manufacture or fabrication that may vary between the Services as to color or shape (as vehicles or clothing). 6. Any part or component which is required in the assembly of two or more complete end-items. common servicing: (DOD, IADB) That function performed by one military Service in support of another military Service for which reimbursement is not required from the Service receiving support. See also servicing. common supplies: (DOD, IADB) Those supplies common to two or more Services. common use: (DOD) Services, materials, or facilities provided by a Department of Defense agency or a military department on a common basis for two or more Department of Defense agencies. common user airlift service: (DOD, IADB) In military transport service usage, the airlift service provided on a common basis for all DOD agencies and, as authorized, for other agencies of the US Government. (Note: IADB definition ends with agencies of Government.). common-user military land transportation: (DOD, IADB) Point-to-point land transportation service operated by a single Service for common use by two or more Services. common user network: (DOD, IADB) A system of circuits or channels allocated to furnish communication paths between switching centers to provide communication service on a common basis to all connected stations or subscribers. It is sometimes described as a General Purpose Network. common-user ocean terminals: (DOD) A military installation, part of a military installation, or a commercial facility operated under contract or arrangement by the Military Traffic Management Command which regularly provides for two or more Services, terminal functions of receipt, transit storage or staging, processing, and loading and unloading of passengers or cargo aboard ships. common-user ocean terminals: (IADB) A military installation, part of a military installation, or a commercial facility that regularly provides for two or more Services, terminal functions of receipt, transit storage or staging, processing, and loading and unloading of passengers or cargo aboard ships. communication deception: (DOD, IADB) Use of devices, operations, and techniques with the intent of confusing or misleading the user of a communications link or a navigation system. communication operation instructions: See signal operation instructions. communications: (DOD, IADB) A method or means of conveying information of any kind from one person or place to another. See also telecommunication. communications center: (DOD, NATO) An agency charged with the responsibility for handling and controlling communications traffic. The center normally includes message center, transmitting and receiving facilities. See also telecommunications center. communications intelligence: (DOD, IADB) Technical and intelligence information derived from foreign communications by other than the intended recipients. Also called COMINT. communications intelligence data base: (DOD) The aggregate of technical and intelligence information derived from the interception and analysis of foreign communications (excluding press, propaganda, and public broadcast) used in the direction and redirection of communications intelligence intercept, analysis, and reporting activities. communications mark: (DOD) An electronic indicator used for directing attention to a particular object or position of mutual interest within or between command and control systems. communications net: (DOD, NATO) An organization of stations capable of direct communications on a common channel or frequency. communications network: (DOD, IADB) An organization of stations capable of intercommunications but not necessarily on the same channel. communications satellite: (DOD, NATO, IADB) An orbiting vehicle, which relays signals between communications stations. There are two types: a. Active Communications Satellite - A satellite that receives, regenerates, and retransmits signals between stations; b. Passive Communications Satellite - A satellite which reflects communications signals between stations. communications security: (DOD, IADB) The protection resulting from all measures designed to deny unauthorized persons information of value which might be derived from the possession and study of telecommunications, or to mislead unauthorized persons in their interpretation of the results of such possession and study. Also called COMSEC. Communications security includes a. cryptosecurity; b. transmission security; c. emission security; and d. physical security of communications security materials and information. 1. cryptosecurity - The component of communications security which results from the provision of technically sound crypto-systems and their proper use. 2. transmission security - The component of communications security which results from all measures designed to protect transmissions from interception and exploitation by means other than cryptanalysis. 3. emission security - The component of communications security which results from all measures taken to deny unauthorized persons information of value that might be derived from intercept and analysis of compromising emanations from crypto-equipment and telecommunications systems. 4. physical security - The component of communications security which results from all physical measures necessary to safeguard classified equipment, material, and documents from access thereto or observation thereof by unauthorized persons. communications security equipment: (DOD, IADB) Equipment designed to provide security to telecommunications by converting information to a form unintelligible to an unauthorized interceptor and by reconverting such information to its original form for authorized recipients, as well as equipment designed specifically to aid in, or as an essential element of, the conversion process. Communications security equipment is cryptoequipment, cryptoancillary equipment, cryptoproduction equipment, and authentication equipment. communications security material: (DOD, IADB) All documents, devices, equipment, or apparatus, including cryptomaterial, used in establishing or maintaining secure communications. communications security monitoring: (DOD, IADB) The act of listening to, copying, or recording transmissions of one's own circuits (or when specially agreed, e.g., in allied exercises, those of friendly forces) to provide material for communications security analysis in order to determine the degree of security being provided to those transmissions. In particular, the purposes include providing a basis for advising commanders on the security risks resulting from their transmissions, improving the security of communications, and planning and conducting manipulative communications deception operations. communications terminal: (DOD) Terminus of a communications circuit at which data can be either entered or received; located with the originator or ultimate addressee. communications zone: (DOD, NATO, IADB) Rear part of theater of operations (behind but contiguous to the combat zone) which contains the lines of communications, establishments for supply and evacuation, and other agencies required for the immediate support and maintenance of the field forces. See also combat zone; rear area. community relations: (DOD, IADB) The relationship between military and civilian communities. community relations program: (DOD) That command function which evaluates public attitudes, identifies the mission of a military organization with the public interest, and executes a program of action to earn public understanding and acceptance. Community relations programs are conducted at all levels of command, both in the United States and overseas, by military organizations having a community relations area of responsibility. Community relations programs include, but are not limited to, such activities as liaison and cooperation with associations and organizations and their local affiliates at all levels; armed forces participation in international, national, regional, state, and local public events; installation open houses and tours; embarkations in naval ships; orientation tours for distinguished civilians; people-to-people and humanitarian acts; cooperation with government officials and community leaders; and encouragement of armed forces personnel and their dependents to participate in activities of local schools, churches, fraternal, social, and civic organizations, sports, and recreation programs, and other aspects of community life to the extent feasible and appropriate, regardless of where they are located. community relations program: (IADB) That command function that evaluates public attitudes, identifies the mission of a military organization with the public interest, and executes a program of action to earn public understanding and acceptance. Community relations programs include, but are not limited to, such activities as liaison and cooperation with associations and organizations and their local affiliates at all levels; armed forces participation in international, national, regional, state, and local public events; installation open houses and tours, embarkations in naval ships, orientation tours for distinguished government officials and community leaders; and encouragement of armed forces personnel and their dependents to participate in activities of civic organizations, sports and recreation programs, and other aspects of community life to the extent feasible and appropriate, regardless of where they are located. comparative cover: (DOD, NATO, IADB) Coverage of the same area or object taken at different times, to show any changes in details. See also cover. compartmentation: (DOD) 1. Establishment and management of an intelligence organization so that information about the personnel, organization, or activities of one component is made available to any other component only to the extent required for the performance of assigned duties. 2. Effects of relief and drainage upon avenues of approach so as to produce areas bounded on at least two sides by terrain features such as woods, ridges, or ravines that limit observation or observed fire into the area from points outside the area. compartment marking: (NATO) In an aircraft, a system of marking a cabin into compartments for the positioning of loads in accordance with the weight and balance requirements. compass direction: (DOD, NATO) The horizontal direction expressed as an angular distance measured clockwise from compass north. compass north: (DOD, NATO, IADB) The uncorrected direction indicated by the north seeking end of a compass needle. See also magnetic north. compass rose: (DOD, NATO, IADB) A graduated circle, usually marked in degrees, indicating directions and printed or inscribed on an appropriate medium. compatibility: (DOD, NATO, IADB) Capability of two or more items or components of equipment or material to exist or function in the same system or environment without mutual interference. See also interchangeability. compilation: (NATO, IADB) Selection, assembly, and graphic presentation of all relevant information required for the preparation of a map or chart. Such information may be derived from other maps or charts or from other sources. compilation diagram: (NATO) A diagram giving details of the source material from which the map or chart has been compiled; this does not necessarily include reliability information. See also reliability diagram. complaint-type investigation: (DOD) A counterintelligence investigation in which sabotage, espionage, treason, sedition, subversive activity, or disaffection is suspected. complete round: (DOD, IADB) A term applied to an assemblage of explosive and nonexplosive components designed to perform a specific function at the time and under the conditions desired. Examples of complete rounds of ammunition are: a. separate loading - consisting of a primer, propelling charge, and, except for blank ammunition, a projectile and a fuze. b. fixed or semifixed - consisting of a primer, propelling charge, cartridge case, a projectile, and, except when solid projectiles are used, a fuze. c. bomb - consisting of all component parts required to drop and function the bomb once. d. missile - consisting of a complete warhead section and a missile body with its associated components and propellants. e. rocket - consisting of all components necessary to function. complete round: (NATO) Ammunition which contains all the components necessary for it to function. component: (DOD, NATO) A part or combination of parts, having a specified function, which can only be installed or replaced as a whole, and is also generally expendable. component life: (NATO, IADB) The period of acceptable usage after which the likelihood of failure sharply increases and before which the components are removed in the interests of reliability of operation. component (materiel): (DOD) An assembly or any combination of parts, subassemblies, and assemblies mounted together in manufacture, assembly, maintenance, or rebuild. component search and rescue controller: (DOD, IADB) The designated search and rescue representative of a component commander of a unified command who is responsible in the name of his component commander for the control of component search and rescue forces committed to joint search and rescue operations. See also search and rescue. composite air photography: (DOD) Air photographs made with a camera having one principal lens and two or more surrounding and oblique lenses. The several resulting photographs are corrected or transformed in printing to permit assembly as verticals with the same scale. composite Air Strike Force: (DOD) A group of selected US Air Force units composed of appropriate elements of tactical air power (tactical fighters, tactical reconnaissance, tankers, airlift, and command and control elements) capable of employing a spectrum of nuclear and nonnuclear weapons Composite Air Strike Force forces are held in readiness for immediate deployment from the continental United States to all areas of the world to meet national emergency contingency plans. compound helicopter: (DOD, NATO) A helicopter with an auxiliary propulsion system which provides thrust in excess of that which the rotor(s) alone could produce, thereby permitting increased forward speeds; wings may or may not be provided to reduce the lift required from the rotor system. compression chamber: See hyperbaric chamber. compromise: (DOD) The known or suspected exposure of clandestine personnel, installations, or other assets or of classified information or material, to an unauthorized person. compromised: (DOD, NATO, IADB) A term applied to classified matter, knowledge of which has, in whole or in part, passed to an unauthorized person or persons, or which has been subject to risk of such passing. See also classified matter. computed air release point: (DOD, NATO, IADB) A computed air position where the first paratroop or cargo item is released to land on a specified impact point. concealment: (DOD, NATO) The protection from observation or surveillance. See also camouflage; cover; screen. concentrated fire: (NATO, IADB) 1. The fire of the batteries of two or more ships directed against a single target. 2. Fire from a number of weapons directed at a single point or small area. See also fire; massed fire. concentration area: (DOD, NATO, IADB) 1. An area, usually in the theater of operations, where troops are assembled before beginning active operations. 2. A limited area on which a volume of gunfire is placed within a limited time. concept: (DOD, NATO) A notion or statement of an idea, expressing how something might be done or accomplished, that may lead to an accepted procedure. concept of operations: (DOD, IADB) A verbal or graphic statement, in broad outline, of a commander's assumptions or intent in regard to an operation or series of operations. The concept of operations frequently is embodied in campaign plans and operation plans; in the latter case, particularly when the plans cover a series of connected operations to be carried out simultaneously or in succession. The concept is designed to give an overall picture of the operation. It is included primarily for additional clarity of purpose. Frequently, it is referred to as commander's concept. concept of operations: (NATO) A clear and concise statement of the line of action chosen by a, commander in order to accomplish his mission. condensation cloud: (DOD, IADB) A mist or fog of minute water droplets that temporarily surrounds the fireball following a nuclear (or atomic) detonation in a comparatively humid atmosphere. The expansion of the air in the negative phase of the blast wave from the explosion results in a lowering of the temperature, so that condensation of water vapor present in the air occurs and a cloud forms. The cloud is soon dispelled when the pressure returns to normal and the air warms up again. The phenomenon is similar to that used by physicists in the Wilson cloud chamber and is sometimes called the cloud chamber effect. condensation trail: (DOD) A visible cloud streak, usually brilliantly white in color, which trails behind a missile or other vehicle in flight under certain conditions. Also known as contrail. Condor: (DOD) An air-to-surface guided missile which provides standoff launch capability for attack aircraft. Designated as AGM-53. conducting staff: See exercise; directing staff.